Cholera

Preventing Cholera: A Global Challenge in Water Safety and Sanitation

Overview

This is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease spreads through ingestion of contaminated food or water, particularly in areas with poor sanitation, limited access to clean water, and overcrowded living conditions. It can cause severe dehydration due to rapid fluid loss, leading to death if not treated promptly.

Causes

Vibrio Cholerae bacterium is the root cause of this disease, owing to consuming food or water contaminated with the the bacterium. The contamination usually occurs due to:

• Poor sanitation practices
• Unsafe drinking water
• Contaminated food, especially in areas where Acute intestinal infection is endemic
• Improper sewage disposal

Factors such as conflict, climate change, and displacement can exacerbate these conditions, increasing the risk of diarrheal infections outbreaks.

Prevention of Vibrio cholerae infection Epidemic

Preventing Infectious diarrheal disease involves ensuring access to clean water and improving sanitation. Key preventive measures include:

• Drinking safe, treated water
• Proper disposal of human waste
• Washing hands with soap regularly, especially before meals and after using the toilet
• Cooking food thoroughly and avoiding raw or undercooked foods
• Safe storage and preparation of food

Vaccination is also an effective preventive measure. The oral vaccine (OCV) can provide temporary immunity to individuals in high-risk areas.

Treatment Options

Vibrio cholerae infection is easily treatable with prompt medical care. Key treatments include:

• Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT): A simple, effective solution that replaces lost fluids and electrolytes.
• Intravenous Fluids (IV): Necessary for severe cases where oral rehydration may not be sufficient.
• Antibiotics: Used in severe cases to reduce the duration of symptoms and bacterial shedding, though not always necessary.
• Zinc supplements: May help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea, especially in children.

Status Worldwide

This infectious diarrheal disease remains a significant global health concern, with outbreaks frequently reported in regions suffering from poor water sanitation and conflict. According to the World Health Organization, the bacterial cases and deaths surged significantly in 2023. A 13% increase in cases and a staggering 71% rise in deaths were reported compared to the previous year, with Africa experiencing the most significant jump in cases—up by 125%. This contrasts with the 32% decline in the Middle East and Asia.

The WHO estimates that there are around two million such cases and 100,000 deaths annually, although the actual numbers are likely underreported.

Bottom Line

In Geneva, the WHO reported a dramatic rise in cholera cases and deaths for 2023, with more than 342,000 cases and 2,400 deaths so far in 2024. While this diarrheal infection is preventable and treatable, poverty, unsafe water, and sanitation issues—exacerbated by conflict and climate change—continue to fuel outbreaks. WHO officials emphasized the urgent need for increased vaccine production and long-term solutions like safe drinking water and proper sanitation to control this deadly disease.